514.8-6 DATA COLLECTION, REVIEW AND SELECTION
The data set for a typical VSD project is usually quite large. Data may have been acquired for multiple loading configurations or multiple platforms. For each configuration, many events are generally required to completely characterize the system’s vibration exposure. Data is often acquired for multiple repetitions of each event. Some data acquisition issues are discussed in Annex F, Appendix A. The first step of any VSD project is to thoroughly review the data set for validity, accuracy, and content.
Various commercially available data analysis software tools are utilized for the data review. A review for accuracy may include a study of the time histories for possible erroneous data, comparison of channels at similar locations, comparison to historic data of similar vehicles, a search for outliers, and various test specific interests. Any erroneous data should be noted and identified. Once data integrity is assured, the selection of data for the VSD process can begin.
Data selection will include a study of the relative severity of multiple configurations and a determination of how the configurations will be weighted during development. The multiple events are studied to determine how they should be grouped. Due to several factors, it is often unwise to combine all events into a single vibration schedule. Consideration should be given to the linearity of the system. The events are compared, and those with similar ASD shape and level are grouped and processed together. This often results in two or more LVTS to reproduce a system’s equivalent fatigue, but produces a more accurate representation of the vibration exposure.
Studies are also conducted to answer questions as to the nature of the data. What bandwidth is required to include the majority of the vibration energy? Is the vibration characterized as Gaussian, or how well can it be replicated by a control system that generates a Gaussian drive signal? Is the energy broadband, or does it contain narrowband energy (e.g., tonal energy induced by a helicopter main rotor)? If narrowband energy is present, is it more sinusoidal or more narrowband random in nature? Often, project specific studies must be conducted before the VSD procedure can begin.
514.8-6 FINAL DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES
The final stages of the VSD process can be completed in a spreadsheet file. Most procedures required to complete the VSD process, including the narrowband calculations presented in previous sections, can be incorporated into a spreadsheet package. The advantages of using a pre-developed spreadsheet, which has been heavily scrutinized, include: the elimination of errors that can occur during spreadsheet development, drastic reduction in development time, standardization of the VSD process, and the flexibility to incorporate project specific modifications.
A primary function of the spreadsheet should be to combine co-located channels into a single LVTS. Typically, this is accomplished by enveloping the multiple broadband profiles to create a single maxi-profile. Likewise, the sine or broadband levels of the multiple channels are enveloped. Since the maximum levels of the multiple development accelerometer channels become the final LVTS, maxi-control of multiple control accelerometers (located as similarly as possible to the corresponding development channels) is generally recommended.
The spreadsheet, or supporting software, should allow the analyst to select breakpoints. The original vibration profile includes a point for every spectral line over the full bandwidth. Breakpoints allow the shape and energy of the vibration profile to be represented with a minimal number of points. The breakpoints should match the shape and level of the original profile as closely as possible, particularly at frequencies near a system resonance. It might be desirable to scale the breakpoints such that the g-rms of the breakpoints equals that of the original profile. Care should be taken to assure scaling does not overly affect the ASD levels at frequencies of concern.
Other functions that could be included in the spreadsheet are: the ability to adjust the LVTS run time; checks to assure data accuracy and reduce development errors; calculations of broadband, narrowband, and sine tone parameters such as g-rms, displacement, velocity and sweep rates; combination of the broadband profile with the narrowband or sine tone profiles; and the presentation of data for review or for final publication.
As published, the final LVTS should include all information necessary to run the test in a laboratory. This information should include the control method, broadband breakpoints, the narrowband or sine tone breakpoints (if needed), control locations, control tolerances, runtime, sweep rates, sweep mode (logarithmic or linear), and any other required information.
Final LVTS's should be reviewed extensively to ensure the accuracy of the development process. One helpful tool for review is an overlay the final LVTS profile with the single-event ASDs of the measured field data. Gross errors in the development process are easily identified by the overlay. Other methods utilized during review include a comparison of like channels, a comparison to LVTS of similar vehicles, a comparison of input and response LVTS, a search for outliers, and a step-by-step review of the process.
6.1 Referenced Documents
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a. Methodology Investigation, Final Report of the TECOM Package Tester Characterization, DTIC AD No. B217688, September 1996.
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b. Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 01-1-011A, Vehicle Test Facilities at Aberdeen Test Center Yuma Test Center, 27 February 2012; DTIC AD No. ADA557002. "Vehicle Test Facilities at Aberdeen Test Center and Yuma Test Center"
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c. Handbook for Dynamic Data Acquisition and Analysis, IEST-RD-DTE012.2; Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516; Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology Website.
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d. Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 01-2-601, Ground Vehicle Laboratory Vibration Schedules. 18 May 2015.
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e. International Test Operating Procedure (ITOP) 1-1-050. Development of Laboratory Vibration Test Schedules. 6 June 1997. DTIC AD No B227368.
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f. Tevelow, Frank L., The Military Logistical Transportation Vibration Environment: Its Characterization and Relevance to MIL-STD Fuse Vibration Testing. Harry Diamond Laboratories, December 83. HDL-SR-83-11.
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g. Connon, William H. (III). Methodology Investigation, Final Report, Ground Vehicle - Loose Cargo Vibration Schedules. January 1987. DTIC AD No. B1114819L.
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h. White, George O., Methodology Investigation, Final Report, Loose Cargo Testing of Unpackaged Separate Loading Projectiles. May 1990, DTIC AD No. B144437.
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i. Wafford, J.H. and J. F. Dreher, Aircraft Equipment Vibration Test Criteria Based on Vibration Induced by Jet and Fan Engine Exhaust Noise. Shock and Vibration Bulletin 43, Part 3, 1973, pp. 141-151. Shock & Vibration Information Analysis Center (SAVIAC), PO Box 165, 1104 Arvon Road, Arvonia, VA 23004.
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j. Dreher, J. F., Aircraft Equipment Random Vibration Test Criteria Based on Vibration Induced by Turbulent Air Flow Across Aircraft External Surfaces. Shock and Vibration Bulletin 43, Part 3, 1973, pp. 127-139. Shock & Vibration Exchange (SAVE), 1104 Arvon Road, Arvonia, VA 23004.
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k. Hinegardner, W. D., et al., Vibration and Acoustics Measurements on the RF-4C Aircraft. Wright- Patterson AFB, OH: ASD Systems Engineering Group, 1967, TM-SEF-67-4.
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l. Bartel, H. W and J. M. McAvoy, Cavity Oscillation in Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft. Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, June 1981. AFWAL-TR-81-3036; DTIC No. ADA108610.
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m. Tipton, A. G., Weapon Bay Cavity Noise Environments Data Correlation and Prediction for the B-1 Aircraft. Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, June 1980. AFWAL-TR-80-3050.
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n. Thomas, C. E., Flight Survey of C-130A Aircraft. March 1962. ASD-TR-62-2167. DTIC No. AD-274- 904.
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o. Bolds, P. G., Flight Vibration Survey C-133 Aircraft. April 1962. ASD-TDR-62-383. DTIC No. AD- 277-128.
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p. Kuhn, D. L., Analysis of the Vibration Environment for Airborne Reconnaissance Integrated Electronics System (ARIES) Installed on EP-3E Aircraft. Indianapolis: Naval Avionics Center 443, 1975. Document No. ESL-163.
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q. Kuhn, D. L. and R. M. Johnson., Evaluation of the Vibration Environment for the Doppler Ranging Information System. Indianapolis: Naval Avionics Center 443, 1982. Document No. ESL-420.
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r. Analysis of the Vibration Environment for TACAMO IV B System Installed on ED-130 Aircraft. Indianapolis: Naval Avionics Center 443, 1976. Document No. ESL-199.
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s. Kuhn, D. L., Evaluation of Flight Data for the Big Look Antenna System OE-319/APS Installed on EP-3E aircraft. Indianapolis: Naval Avionics Center 443, 1981. Document No. ESL-418.
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t. Kuhn, D. L., Analysis of Flight Data for Deepwell System Installed in EP-3E Aircraft. Indianapolis: Naval Avionics Center 443, 1975. Document No. ESL-169.
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u. Dreher, J. F., E. D. Lakin, and E. A. Tolle, Vibroacoustic Environment and Test Criteria for Aircraft Stores During Captive Flight. Shock and Vibration Bulletin 39, Supplement (1969), pp. 15-40. Shock & Vibration Exchange (SAVE), 1104 Arvon Road, Arvonia, VA 23004.
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v. Dreher, J. F., Effects of Vibration and Acoustical Noise on Aircraft/Stores Compatibility. Aircraft Store Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 6, November 1969.
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w. Piersol, A. G., Vibration and Acoustic Test Criteria for Captive Flight of Externally Carried Stores, December 1971. AFFDL-TR-71-158. DTIC No. AD-893-005L.
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x. Frost, W. G., P. B. Tucker, and G. R. Waymon, Captive Carriage Vibration of Air-to-Air Missiles on Fighter Aircraft. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21:15, (September/October 1978), pp. 11-15. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516.
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y. Mechanical Vibrations; Den Hartog, J. P., Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1956.
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z. A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity. Dowell, E. H., et al, Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1989.
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aa. Shock and Vibration Handbook, Fifth Edition, Edited by Harris, Cyril M. and Piersol, Allan G.; McGraw- Hill Book Company.
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bb. Bendat, Julius S., and Piersol, Allan G., Engineering Applications of Correlation and Spectral Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1993. Wiley Interscience, ISBN 0471570554, 1993.
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cc. Allemang, Randall J. and David L. Brown, Experimental Modal Analysis and Dynamic Component Synthesis - Measurement Techniques for Experimental Modal Analysis. Vol. 2. December 1987. AFWAL-TR-87-3069, DTIC No. ADA195145.
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dd. Allemang, Randall J. and David L. Brown, Experimental Modal Analysis and Dynamic Component Synthesis - Modal Parameter Estimation. Vol. 3. December 1987. AFWAL-TR-87-3069, DTIC No. ADA195146.
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ee. Allemang, Randall J. and David L. Brown, Experimental Modal Analysis and Dynamic Component Synthesis - System Modeling Techniques. Vol. 6. December 1987. AFWAL-TR-87-3069, DTIC No. ADA195148.
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ff. Airplane Aerodynamics, Dommasch, Daniel O, Sidney S. Sherby and Thomas F. Connolly, Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1958.
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gg. Smallwood, David, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Linear Systems Extreme Inputs/Outputs. Shock and Vibration 13 (2006) 1-25, Manuscript number SAV-05-058; IOS Press, Inc., 4502 Rachael Manor Drive, Fairfax, VA 22032
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hh. NATO STANAG 4370, Environmental Testing.
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ii. NATO Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publication (AECTP) 400, Mechanical Environmental Testing, Method 401.
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jj. NATO Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publication (AECTP) 240, Mechanical Environmental Testing.
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kk. U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976; DTIC No. ADA035728.
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II. NATO STANAG 4570, Evaluating the Ability of Materiel to Meet Extended Life Requirements; 2004; Information Handling Services.
-
mm.NATO Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publication (AECTP) 600, A Ten Step Method for Evaluating the Ability of Materiel to Meet Extended Life Requirements; December 2004; Leaflet 604; Information Handling Services.
-
nn. Ehlers, E.L., and Cline, H.T., "Methodology Investigation Final Report Improvement of Shock and Vibration Testing - Schedules for Transport of Loose, Restrained and Restrained Cargo," Report No. APG-MT-5521, September 1981, ADB060211.
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oo. Foley, J.T., M. B. Gens, C. G. Magnuson, and R. A. Harley; “Transportation Dynamic Environment Summary,” Sandia Laboratories, EDB 1354, January 1973b.
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pp. Barry, M., “Test Record, Composite Wheeled Vehicle Vibration Schedule Development,” USAADSS No. 2005-DT-ATC-SNIMT-D0079, US Army Aberdeen Test Center, Report No. 06-AID-115, October 2006.
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qq. The Shock and Vibration Monograph Series, SVM-8, "Selection and Performance of Vibration Tests," 1971; Shock & Vibration Exchange (SAVE), 1104 Arvon Road, Arvonia, VA 23004.
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rr. Robinson, J.A., Final Report, Methodology Investigation “Cargo Configuration and Restraint in Military Ground Vehicles,” TECOM-Project No. 7-CO-RD8-AP1-002; US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, Report No. APG-MT-5319, November 1979.
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ss. Ehlers, E.L. and Cline, H.T., Final Report, Methodology Investigation, “Realistic Vehicle Mileages for Installed Equipment in Ground Vehicles,” TECOM Project No. T-CO-RD2-AP1-003; US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, Report No. APG-MT-5804, December 1983.
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tt. Baily, R.D., Corr, J.R., Final Report, Methodology Investigation, "Realistic Test Schedules for Restrained Cargo in Military Vehicles, Groups I and II," TECOM Project No. T-CO-RD3-AP1-002; US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, Report No. APG-MT-5948, January 1984.
-
uu. US TOP 2-2-506A, “Wheeled and Tracked Vehicle Endurance Testing”, 2 October 2014, ADA610880.
-
vv. Baily, R.D., Final Report, Methodology Investigation, “Realistic Vibration Schedules for Equipment Installed in Military Vehicles,” TECOM Project No. 7-CO-R86-APO-003, US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground. Report No. USACSTA 6656, March 1988.
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ww. Kim, Steven S., "How to Use MIL-STD-810 Helicopter Vibration Test Procedures," Report Number IHTR 2011, Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, 18 August 1997.
MIL-STD-810H
METHOD 514.8
- xx. Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 01-2-603, Rotorcraft Laboratory Vibration Test Schedules, 12 June 2017; DTIC AD No. AD1035102.
- yy. SST-EAS-0581 Issue 1, Assessment Report, Munition Vibration and Shock Environments Experienced During Transportation by Hercules C130J Mk 5, June 2005
- zz. ESG-TN-0397 Issue 6, Technical Note, Derivation of Vibration test Severities for the Transport of Material in C130K and C130J Aircraft, 26 May 2005
6.2 Related Documents
- a. Dynamic Environmental Criteria, NASA Technical Handbook, NASA-HDBK-7005, 2001.
- b. Force Limited Vibration Testing, NASA Technical Handbook, NASA-HDBK-7004, 2003.
- c. Egbert, Herbert W. "The History and Rationale of MIL-STD-810 (Edition 2)," January 2010; Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Arlington Place One, 2340 S. Arlington Heights Road, Suite 100, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4516.
- d. The Shock and Vibration Monograph Series, SVM 9, "Equivalence Techniques for Vibration Testing," 1972. Shock & Vibration Exchange (SAVE), 1104 Arvon Road, Arvonia, VA 23004.
- e. McConnell, Kenneth, Vibration Testing: Theory and Practice, Wiley Interscience, ISBN 0471304352,
- f. Nelson, Wayne, Accelerated Testing Statistical Models, Test Plans, and Data Analyses, Wiley Interscience, ISBN 0471522775, 1990.
- g. Ewins, D. J., Modal Testing, Theory, Practice and Application, Research Study Press LTD., ISBN 0863802184, 2000.
- h. Bendat, Julius S., Piersol, Allan, G., Random Data Analysis and Measurement Procedures, Wiley Interscience, ISBN 0471317730, 3d edition, 2000.
- i. Lalanne, Christian, Specification Development (Mechanical Vibration and Shock), CRC, ISBN 1560329904, 2002.
- j. Dodson, Bryan and Schwab, Harry, Accelerated Testing: A Practitioner's Guide to Accelerated And Reliability Testing, SAE International, ISBN 0768006902, 2006.
- k. Porter, Alex, Accelerated Testing and Validation, Amsterdam; Newnes, ISBN 0750676531, 2004.
- l. MIL-STD-167-1A, Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard Equipment (Type I – Environmental and Type II – Internally Excited).
- m. Tustin, Wayne, Random Vibration & Shock Testing, Measurement, Analysis & Calibration, Equipment Reliability Institute, ISBN: 0-9741466-0-9, 2005.
(Copies of Department of Defense Specifications, Standards, and Handbooks, and International Standardization Agreements are available online at https://assist.dla.mil.
Requests for other defense-related technical publications may be directed to the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), ATTN: DTIC-BR, Suite 0944, 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Fort Belvoir VA 22060-6218, 1-800-225-3842 (Assistance--selection 3, option 2), http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/; and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield VA 22161, 1-800-553-NTIS (6847), http://www ntis.gov/.