| e = δ / L (unit deformation or strain) | [1.3.4(a)] |
| E = f/e (This equation applied when E is obtained from the same tests in which f and e are measured.) | [1.3.4(b)] |
| δ = eL = (f / E)L | [1.3.4(c)] |
| = PL / (AE) (This equation applies when the deflection is to be calculated using a known value of E.) | [1.3.4(d)] |
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