Formula 1 (L′/ρ)for design =(L′/ρ)of the column test \left(\mathrm{L}^{\prime} / \rho\right)_{\text {for design }}=\left(\mathrm{L}^{\prime} / \rho\right)_{\text {of the column test }}(L′/ρ)for design =(L′/ρ)of the column test Formula 2 e=ee+epe=e_{e}+e_{p}e=ee+ep Formula 3 e=fE+0.002(ffy)ne=\frac{f}{E}+0.002\left(\frac{f}{f_{y}}\right)^{n}e=Ef+0.002(fyf)n Found in COLUMNS