Nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA) is commonly performed using two horizontal components of earthquake ground motion applied to a three-dimensional model of the building. ASCE/SEI 7 provides requirements for the selection and scaling of ground motions. Other guidelines, such as PEER/TBI (2017) and LATBSDC (2017), also provide recommendations and helpful commentary.
Structures with vertical discontinuities in the gravity systems can experience vertical earthquake response that can affect building performance. Examples include gravity columns that are discontinued on transfer trusses. In cases such as these, the effect of vertical ground motions may need to be included in the analysis. Requirements for these situations are outlined in ASCE/SEI 7.