16.4Production Testing

A.1 Recommended values Table A-1 - Recommended torques for unlubricated fasteners

A.2 References

Figure description:

• Text: ECSS
• Visuals: Italicized letter 'E' in a white trapezoidal section; 'CSS' in a larger purple trapezoidal section.
• Entity: ECSS logo.

D.1 Overview

A short compendium of material data needed for bolt analyses of the most common fastener materials in space industry is given in Table D-1 to Table D-7 below.

When defining structural fastener design allowables it is important to exercise some caution when using base material A-basis allowables. According to NASA-STD-6016B: MMPDS design values are not transferrable to fasteners, because raw material used to make fasteners is reprocessed using various metallurgical practices such as hot heading, thread rolling, and heat treating. These processes might change the strength of the metal from the original bar stock.

Therefore, it is important that the derivation of fasteners allowables to be used in the bolt analysis of joints are based on lot tested design strength values of the procured fasteners batches defined in the specific fastener part and corresponding procurement specifications plus on the material A-basis allowables of the original bar stock. It is important that the lot tested values are higher than the A-basis ones to be on the safe side. This additional check can allow to use the material A-basis with confidence.

D.2 Stainless Steel Table D-1- Stainless steel A 286

Material Specification: A 286 Alternative notations for this material: 1.4944 AISI 660 Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: German Aviation Material Handbook Condition: 1.4944.4 1.4944.6: <empty> Material Basis: A B: S S: A A: B B: S tensile yield strength $\sigma_{y}$: [N/mm$^2$] A: - B: - S: 660 A: - B: - S: 950 tensile ultimate strength $\sigma_{u}$: [N/mm$^2$] A: - B: - S: 960 A: - B: - S: 1100 shear yield strength $\tau_{y}$: [N/mm$^2$] A: - B: - S: - A: - B: - S: 548 shear ultimate strength $\tau_{u}$: [N/mm$^2$] A: - B: - S: 595 A: - B: - S: 655 E (Young's modulus): [N/mm$^2$] A: 201000 $\nu$ (Poisson ratio): [-] A: 0,31 $\rho$ (density [g/cm$^3$]: [g/cm$^3$] A: 7,95 Fastener types made of this material: LN 29 949

Table D-2 - Stainless steel A2-70 and A2-80

Material Specification: A 2 Alternative notations for this material: 1.4301, 1.4541 AISI301-304, AISI 321 Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: DIN 267 Teil 11 Condition: Condition: A2-70 Condition: A2-80 Material Basis: A2-70 A: A A2-70 B: B A2-70 S: S A2-80 A: A A2-80 B: B A2-80 S: S tensile yield strength \sigma_y [N/mm^2]: A2-70 A: - A2-70 B: - A2-70 S: 450 A2-80 A: - A2-80 B: - A2-80 S: 600 tensile ultimate strength \sigma_u [N/mm^2]: A2-70 A: - A2-70 B: - A2-70 S: 700 A2-80 A: - A2-80 B: - A2-80 S: 800 shear ultimate strength \tau_u [N/mm^2]: A2-70 A: - A2-70 B: - A2-70 S: 420 A2-80 A: - A2-80 B: - A2-80 S: 480 E (Young's modulus) [N/mm^2]: 193000 - 200000 \nu (Poisson ratio) [-]: 0,29 \rho (density [g/cm^3]) [g/cm^3]: 8,00 Fastener types made of this material: DIN 912, DIN 7991

Table D-3 Stainless steel custom 450

Material Specification: custom 450 Alternative notations for this material: - Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: MIL-HDBK-5J Condition: H1000

Material Basis: A: A B: B S: S A: A B: B S: S

tensile yield strength $\sigma_y$: [N/mm²]: - A: - B: 1034 S: - A: - B: -

tensile ultimate strength $\sigma_u$: [N/mm²]: - A: - B: 1103 S: - A: - B: -

shear ultimate strength $\tau_u$: [N/mm²]: <empty> A: - B: - S: - A: - B: -

E (Young's modulus): [N/mm²]: 193000 $\nu$ (Poisson ratio): [-]: 0,30 $\rho$ (density [g/cm³] ): [g/cm³]: 7,75 Fastener types made of this material: <empty>

Figure description:

Text: E CSS Entities: ECSS Colors: Purple and white Shapes: Two slanted parallelograms; the first contains the letter "E" in purple on a white background, and the second contains the letters "CSS" in white on a purple background.

Table D-4 - Stainless steel custom 455

Material Specification: custom 455 Alternative notations for this material: - Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: MIL-HDBK-5J Condition: H1000

Material Basis: A: - B: - S: 1275 A: - B: - S: - tensile yield strength $\sigma_{y}$: [N/mm²]: -

tensile ultimate strength $\sigma_{u}$: A: - B: - S: 1379 A: - B: - S: - [N/mm²]: -

shear ultimate strength $\tau_{u}$: A: - B: - S: 855 A: - B: - S: - [N/mm²]: -

E (Young's modulus): [N/mm²]: 200000

$\nu$ (Poisson ratio): [-]: 0,30

$\rho$ (density [g/cm³] ): [g/cm³]: 7,76

Fastener types made of this material: <empty>

Table D-5 - Stainless steel PH 13-817-7 Mo

Material Specification: 17-7PH Stainless Steel PH 13-8 Mo Alternative notations for this material: 1.4568 1.4534 Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: ESA TEC-MSP Total Material Dataset MIL-HDBK-5H Condition: CH900 H 950: <empty> H 1000: <empty> Material Basis: A: <empty> B: <empty> S: <empty> A: <empty> B: <empty> S: <empty> tensile yield strength $\sigma$ y [N/mm²]: A: 1793 B: -1413 S: - A: -1310 B: -1379 S: - tensile ultimate strength $\sigma$ u [N/mm²]: A: 1827 B: -1524 S: - A: -1386 B: -1434 S: - shear ultimate strength $\tau$ u [N/mm²]: A: -900 B: -915 S: - A: -807 B: -841 S: - E (Young's modulus) [N/mm²]: 200000 195000 v (Poisson ratio) [-]: 0,28 $\rho$ (density [g/cm³] [g/cm³]: 7,64 7.72 Fastener types made of this material: <empty>

Table D-6 - Stainless steel PH 15-7 Mo

Material Specification: 15-7PH Stainless Steel Alternative notations for this material: <empty> Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: ESA TEC-MSP Total Material Dataset Condition: CH900 Material Basis: A: A B: B S: S A: A B: B S: S tensile yield strength $\sigma_{y}$: [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] A: 1586 B: <empty> S: <empty> A: - B: - S: - tensile ultimate strength $\sigma_{u}$: [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] A: 1694 B: <empty> S: <empty> A: - B: - S: - shear ultimate strength $\tau_{u}$: [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] A: <empty> B: <empty> S: <empty> A: - B: - S: - E (Young's modulus): [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] Value: 193000 $\nu$ (Poisson ratio): [-]: [-] Value: 0,28 $\rho$ (density [g/cm³]: [g/cm³]: [g/cm³] Value: 7,67 Fastener types made of this material: <empty>

Table D-7- Stainless steel 15-5 PH

Material Specification: 15-5 PH Stainless Steel Alternative notations for this material: 1.4545 Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: MIL-HDBK-5J Condition: H1025 Material Basis: A: A B: B S: S A: A B: B S: S tensile yield strength $\sigma_{y}$: [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] A: 1000 B: S: A: - B: - S: - tensile ultimate strength $\sigma_{u}$: [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] A: 1069 B: S: A: - B: - S: - shear ultimate strength $\tau_{u}$: [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] A: 669 B: S: A: - B: - S: - E (Young's modulus): [N/mm²]: [N/mm²] A: 200000 B: S: A: B: S: $\nu$ (Poisson ratio): [-]: [-] A: 0,28 B: S: A: B: S: $\rho$ (density [g/cm³]: [g/cm³]: [g/cm³] A: 7,67 B: S: A: B: S: Fastener types made of this material:

D.3 Nickel and Nickel/Cobalt Based Alloys Table D-8 - Inconel 718

Material Specification: Inconel 718 Alternative notations for this material: 2.4668 Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: German Aviation Material Handbook and MIL- HDBK-5J Condition: 2.4668.7: 2.4668.9: Material Basis: A: B: S: A: B: S: tensile yield strength σ y: [N/mm²]: 2.4668.7: A: - B: - S: 1040 2.4668.9: A: - B: - S: 1440 tensile ultimate strength σ u: [N/mm²]: 2.4668.7: A: - B: - S: 1240 2.4668.9: A: - B: - S: 1550 shear ultimate strength τ u: [N/mm²]: 2.4668.7: A: - B: - S: 785 2.4668.9: A: - B: - S: 885 E (Young’s modulus): [N/mm²]: 203000 v (Poisson ratio): [-]: 0,29 ρ (density [g/cm³]: [g/cm³]: 8,19 Fastener types made of this material: <empty>

Table D-9 - MP35N

Material Specification: MP35N Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: MIL-HDBK-5J Condition: Solution treated, cold drawn and aged

Material Basis: A: <empty> B: <empty> S: <empty> A: <empty> B: <empty> S: <empty>

tensile yield strength σ_y: [N/mm²]: 1586 A: - B: <empty> S: - A: - B: -

tensile ultimate strength σ_u: [N/mm²]: 1793 A: - B: <empty> S: - A: - B: -

shear ultimate strength τ_u: [N/mm²]: 1000 A: - B: <empty> S: - A: - B: -

E (Young's modulus): [N/mm²]: 234500

ν (Poisson ratio): [-]: <empty>

ρ (density [g/cm³] ): [g/cm³]: 8,26

Fastener types made of this material: -

Table D-10 – MP159

Material Specification: MP159 Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: MIL-HDBK-5J Condition: Solution treated, cold drawn and aged

Material Basis: A: <empty> B: <empty> S: <empty> A: <empty> B: <empty> S: <empty>

tensile yield strength σ y [N/mm²]: A: 1724 B: - S: <empty> A: - B: - S: -

tensile ultimate strength σ u [N/mm²]: A: 1793 B: - S: <empty> A: - B: - S: -

shear ultimate strength τ u [N/mm²]: A: 903 B: - S: <empty> A: - B: - S: -

E (Young's modulus) [N/mm²]: 243400 ν (Poisson ratio) [-]: <empty> ρ (density [g/cm³] ) [g/cm³]: 8,26 Fastener types made of this material: -

D.4 Titanium Alloys Table D-11 - Ti6Al4V

Material Specification: Ti 6Al 4V Alternative notations for this material: 3.7164 Temperature: Room temperature Property Reference Source: German Aviation Material Handbook Condition: 3.7164.1 Material Basis: A: B S: <empty> tensile yield strength $\sigma$ y: [N/mm²]: 830 A: 925 B: - tensile ultimate strength $\sigma$ u: [N/mm²]: 900 A: 980 B: - shear ultimate strength $\tau$ u: [N/mm²]: 570 A: 600 B: 570 E (Young's modulus): [N/mm²]: 113800 $\nu$ (Poisson ratio): [-]: 0,342 $\rho$ (density [g/cm³] ): [g/cm³]: 4,43 Fastener types made of this material: LN 29 950

D.5 References

Figure description:

Key information:

• Text: E CSS
• Visual Design: A parallelogram with a purple border.
• Entities:
  • Letter "E": Italicized, positioned on the left in a white section.
  • Letters "CSS": Serif font, positioned on the right in a purple section.

Other Useful References

The documents listed below are of general interest for the field of threaded fasteners and/or were references by previous versions of this handbook.

NASA STD-5001 Structural design and test factors of safety for spaceflight hardware G. Meyer & D. Strelow Simple Diagrams Aid in Analysing Forces in Bolted Joints, Assembly Engineering Jan. 1972 pp. 28-33 K.H. Illgmer & D. Blume Schrauben Vademecum, Bauer and Schaurte Karacher Aug. 1983 J.H. Bickford An Introduction to the Design and Behaviour of Bolted Joints, Marcel Dekker, 1981 G.H. Junker & P.W. The Bolted Joint: Economy of Design Through Improved Analysis and Wallace Assembly Methods, Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs. Vol. 198B No. 14., 1984 S.D. Rossides Behaviour of a Simple Tension Joint with Fasteners Tightened into Yield, British Aerospace Report BT.12065 July 1981 D.J. Light Torque-Tension Literature Surrey, B.A.C. (G.W. Div) Report ST.14857 1975 E.P. Donald Pretension Diagrams for Bolted Joints, Aeronautical Journal Feb. 1981 J. Cherry A Finite Element Analysis of the Pressure Distribution in Bolted Joints, British Aerospace report BT21927 June 1987. (Von Mises Criterion) W. Thomala Zur Brechnung der erforderlichen Mutterhöhe bei Schraubenverbindungen, Konstruktion 47 (1995) JUNKER O.H. The Bolted Joint: Economy of Design Through Improved Analysis and WALLACE P.W. Assembly Methods" Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 198 B, No. 14., 1984 BROBERG H. Skrurförband - Dimensionering - Montering" Iuf - resultat 82611, July 1983 HERTEL W, PAUL W, Insert Design Handbook. ERN - 3442/77 - 28 Iss A. WAGNER D RAYMOND L. Infinite Life High Strength Bolts. Assembly Engineering. April 1975. KELLERMAN R Bolts for light weight construction made of ultra high strength steels and TURLACH G. titanium alloys. BROEK D. Elementry Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Norrdhof (Netherlands) 1974. DE KONING A.U., LOF, Assessment of 3D Stress Intensity Factor Distributions for Nut C.J., SCHRA, L Supported Threaded Rods and Bolt/Nut Assemblies, NLR CR 96692 L, National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), 1996. MCIC REPORTS Cracks at Structural Holes March 1975. MCIC - HB - 01 Damage Tolerant Design Handbook A compilation of Fracture and Crack-Growth Data for High-Strength Alloys. Metals and Ceramics Information Centre, Battelle.

ROOKE D.P. & CARTWRIGHT D.J.: Compendium of Stress Intensity Factors, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1976. NASA: AvP 32, AvP 932, AvP 970 and their successors. Design Criteria for Controlling Stress Corrosion Cracking MSFC - SPEC - 522A, November 1977. NASA-STD-5020: Requirements For Threaded Fastening Systems In Spaceflight Hardware NASA/TP-2018-219787: Preload Loss in a Spacecraft Fastener via Vibration-Induced Unwinding Ed Hemminger, Alan Posey and Michael Dube: Torque Tension Testing of Fasteners used for NASA Flight Hardware Applications, Proceedings of the 42nd Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, May 14-16, 2014 ISO-16047: Fasteners – Torque/clamp force testing Franck Pichoff, Matthieu Kummel, and Morten Schiff: Dynamic vibration testing of fasteners: fastener self-loosening theory, vibration testing practical applications, comparison of the international standards and recommendations on how to set-up a meaningful testing protocol, Matériaux & Techniques 106, 307 (2018) DIN 65151: 2002-08: Dynamic testing of the locking characteristics of fasteners under transverse loading conditions (vibration test), Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin 2002